Trench ER Research Library
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THE ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY OF MORELS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA'S EAST KOOTENAY
Categories: understory vegetation, wildfire,
Author: Michael Edwin Keefer
Sponsor: Royal Roads University
Date: 2005
Location: East Kootenay
ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION MONITORING: ROCKS PASTURE
Categories: monitoring, operations, planning, understory vegetation,
Author: Hillary Page
Sponsor: BC Hydro Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program
Date: 2011
Location: East Kootenay
Post-Treatment Assessment of Block 1 - TSLA65734, Wolf Creek (Gina Lake)
Categories: badgers, bighorn sheep, elk, monitoring, wildlife trees,
Author: Thomas Hill, Aaron Reid
Sponsor: Columbia Basin Fish & Wildlife Compensation Program
Date: 2005
Location: East Kootenay
RESPONSE OF UNDERSTORY VEGETATION TO SOIL DISTURBANCE IN THE INTERIOR DOUGLAS-FIR ZONE OF SOUTHEASTE
Categories: monitoring, operations, planning, understory vegetation,
Author: Derek M. Marcoux
Sponsor: Royal Roads University
Date: 2007
Location: East Kootenay
An Evaluation of Rangeland Health & Effectiveness of Plant Residue in Protecting Resource Values
Categories: monitoring, planning, range inventory, understory vegetation,
Author: Doug Fraser
Sponsor: BC Ministry of Forests
Date: 2005
Location: British Columbia
An Assessment of Carrying Capacity in the Bugaboo-Spillimacheen, Bryanton & Sunny Bench-Fish Lakes R
Categories: range inventory,
Author: C.R. Smyth, J.A. Poriz
Sponsor: Invermere Forest District
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
Sheep Creek North and Watson Creek Range Inventory
Categories: range inventory,
Author: C.R. Smyth
Sponsor: Invermere Forest District
Date: 2000
Location: East Kootenay
Perry Creek Range Inventory
Categories: range inventory,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 2002
Location: East Kootenay
Tokay Hills Range Inventory
Categories: range inventory,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 2001
Location: East Kootenay
St. Mary's Prairie Range Inventory
Categories: range inventory,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 2000
Location: East Kootenay
Rocky Mountain Trench Rangeland Assessment Project
Categories: monitoring, range inventory,
Author: Becky Phillips, Sue Crowley
Sponsor: BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations
Date: 2012
Location: East Kootenay
Waldo Range Inventory
Categories: range inventory,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 2001
Location: East Kootenay
Waldo Range Inventory Appendix 7 Polygons/Plant Communities
Categories: range inventory,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor:
Date: 2001
Location: East Kootenay
Pickering Hills Range Inventory
Categories: range inventory,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
Grasmere Range Inventory
Categories: range inventory, planning, understory vegetation,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
Grasmere Range Inventory Appendix 7 Existing/Desired Plant Communities
Categories: range inventory,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor:
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
Forest Ingrowth and Encroachment on the Grasmere Range Unit 1958-1994
Categories: forest ingrowth, operations, planning, cattle, monitoring,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor: BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Kootenay/Boundary Grazing Enhancement Fund, Grasmere Grazing Association
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
Gold Creek Plumbob Range Inventory
Categories: range inventory,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
Gold Creek Plumbob Range Unit Existing and Desired Plant Community Polygons
Categories: range inventory,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
Bull River Range Inventory
Categories: range inventory,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
Burton Lake Range Inventory
Categories: range inventory,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 1997
Location: East Kootenay
Cranbrook Fort Steele Range Inventory
Categories: range inventory,
Author: T.J. Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 1996
Location: East Kootenay
An Assessment of Grazing Capacity in Findlay and Whitetail Pastures
Categories: range inventory,
Author: D.A. Westworth & Associates Ltd.
Sponsor: BC Forest Service
Date: 1994
Location: East Kootenay
Map: Grazing Capacity Study Findlay and Whitetail Pastures
Categories: maps, range inventory, understory vegetation,
Author: D.A. Westworth & Associates Ltd.
Sponsor:
Date: 1994
Location: East Kootenay
Cherry - Tata Range Condition Guide 1996
Categories: range inventory, planning, understory vegetation,
Author: Eastern Slopes Rangeland Seeds Ltd.
Sponsor:
Date: 1996
Location: East Kootenay
Biophysical Habitat Analysis and Treatment Options for East Columbia Lake
Categories: planning, understory vegetation, wildlife, operations,
Author: K.A. Enns, J.M Ryder
Sponsor: BC Ministry of Environment, Columbia Basin Trust
Date: 1994
Location: East Kootenay
Range Ecosystem Inventory Cherry TaTa Creek Range Unit
Categories: range inventory,
Author: BC Ministry of Forests
Sponsor:
Date: 1995?
Location: East Kootenay
Monitoring Ecosystem Restoration of Montane Forests in southeastern British Columbia
Categories: ecosystem restoration, monitoring, operations, understory vegetation,
Author: Hillary Page
Sponsor: University of Alberta
Date: 2001
Location: East Kootenay
Buried Fire: Traditional Burning Practices of the Ktunaxa First Peoples
Categories: fire regimes, first nations, prescribed fire,
Author: Shirley Mah
Sponsor: Forest Renewal BC
Date: 1997
Location: Southeastern British Columbia
Relationship Between Vital Attributes of Ktunaxa Plants & Natural Disturbance Regimes in Southeast B
Categories: first nations, fire regimes, understory vegetation,
Author: Shirley Mah
Sponsor: University of British Columbia
Date: 2000
Location: Southeastern British Columbia
Comparison of BC Forest Service and BC Fish & Wildlife Branch Estimates of Carrying Capacity
Categories: elk, cattle, bighorn sheep, range inventory,
Author: R.A. DeMarchi
Sponsor: BC Fish & Wildlife Branch
Date: 1969
Location: East Kootenay
MONITORING ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION TREATMENTS AT NORTH STODDART CREEK & BULL RIVER
Categories: monitoring, ecosystem restoration, bighorn sheep,
Author: Hillary Page
Sponsor: Fish & Wildlife Compensation Program Columbia Basin
Date: 2010
Location: East Kootenay
Synthesis of Knowledge on Effects of Fire & Thinning Treatments on Understory Vegetation in U.S. Dry
Categories: operations, prescribed fire, understory vegetation,
Author: Anne M. Bartuszevige, Patricia L. Kennedy
Sponsor: Oregon State University
Date: 2009
Location: U.S
Redstreak Benches Restoration Prescribed Fire Report
Categories: operations, prescribed fire,
Author: Lake Louise Yoho Kootenay Fire & Vegetation Management Section
Sponsor: Parks Canada
Date: 2009
Location: Kootenay National Park
Monitoring Ecosystem Restoration Treatments in Kootenay National Park
Categories: monitoring, bighorn sheep, understory vegetation,
Author: Hillary Page
Sponsor: Parks Canada
Date: 2005
Location: East Kootenay
Monitoring Ecosystem Restoration Treatments in Kootenay National Park
Categories: monitoring, bighorn sheep, understory vegetation,
Author: Hillary Page
Sponsor: Parks Canada
Date: 2009
Location: East Kootenay
Monitoring Ecosystem Restoration Treatments in Kootenay National Park
Categories: monitoring, bighorn sheep, understory vegetation,
Author: Hillary Page
Sponsor: Parks Canada
Date: 2007
Location: East Kootenay
Turf Wars
Categories: understory vegetation,
Author: Don Gayton
Sponsor: Canadian Geographic magazine
Date: 1996
Location: Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba
All Flesh is Grass: The Fuel that Sustains Elk
Categories: elk, understory vegetation,
Author: Don Gayton
Sponsor: Bugle magazine
Date: 2001
Location: North America
Response of Six Non-Native Invasive Plant Species to Wildfires in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA
Categories: understory vegetation, wildfire,
Author: Dennis E. Ferguson, Christine L. Craig
Sponsor: US Forest Service
Date: 2010
Location: Montana, Idaho, Oregon
Columbia Valley Rare Plant Field Guide: Open Forests & Grasslands
Categories: understory vegetation, field guide
Author: Nature Conservancy of Canada
Sponsor: Columbia Basin Trust
Date: 2008
Location: Columbia Basin
Plant Community Reponse Following Dry Forest Ecosystem Restoration - Final Report 1998
Categories: Monitoring, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Trench Natural Resources Society, Forest Renewal BC, Science Council of BC
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
Environmental Best Management Practices for the Kootenays
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: East Kootenay Conservation Program
Sponsor:
Date: 2010
Location: East Kootenay
WALDO NORTH GRASSLAND RESTORATION PILOT PROJECT MONITORING PROGRAM
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Trench Natural Resources Society
Date: 2009
Location: East Kootenay
A Comparison of Three Residual Distributions of Conifers for Enhancing Ungulate Forage and Timbe
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Forest District
Date: 2008
Location: East Kootenay
Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep Habitat and Population Assessment for the East Kootenay Trench
Categories: Wildlife, Bighorn Sheep
Author: Trevor A. Kinley
Sponsor: East Kootenay Wildlife Association
Date: 2007
Location: East Kootenay
WALDO NORTH GRASSLAND RESTORATION PILOT PROJECT MONITORING PROGRAM
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Trench Natural Resources Society
Date: 2006
Location: East Kootenay
Understory Succession following Ecosystem Restoration of Ingrown Dry Forests
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: Reg Newman, John Parminter, Sheryl Wurtz
Sponsor: Forest Science Program
Date: 2005
Location:
WALDO NORTH GRASSLAND RESTORATION PILOT PROJECT SITE PLAN
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Trench Natural Resources Society
Date: 2005
Location: East Kootenay
Plumbob Mountain Fire Range Reconnaissance Survey
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Forest District
Date: 2005
Location: East Kootenay
A Comparison of Three Residual Distributions of Conifers for Enhancing Ungulate Forage and Timbe
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Trench Natural Resources Society
Date: 2005
Location: East Kootenay
Habitat Attribute Targets for Red and Blue Listed Wildlife Species and Plant Community Conservation
Categories: Wildlife, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: John M. Cooper, Chris Steeger, Suzanne M. Beauches
Sponsor: Columbia Basin Fish & Wildlife Compensation Progra
Date: 2004
Location: East Kootenay
A Comparison of Three Residual Distributions of Conifers for Enhancing Ungulate Forage and Timbe
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Trench Natural Resources Society, T
Date: 2004
Location: East Kootenay
Power Plant Range Inventory
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 2003
Location: East Kootenay
Rampart/Mayook Range Inventory
Categories: Range Inventory, Planning
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 2003
Location: East Kootenay
Plant Succession in the Rocky Mountain Trench: Influence of Historical Factors
Categories: Range Inventory, Understory Vegetation
Author: Brian M. Wikeem, Timothy J. Ross
Sponsor:
Date: 2002
Location: East Kootenay
What can long-term range reference areas tell us?
Categories: Range Inventory, Monitoring Protocols
Author: Timothy J. Ross, Brian M. Wikeem
Sponsor:
Date: 2002
Location: East Kootenay
Plant Community Response Following Dry Forest Ecosystem Restoration - Final Report 2001
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Trench Natural Resources Society,
Date: 2001
Location: East Kootenay
A Comparison of Three Residual Distributions of Conifers for Enhancing Ungulate Forage and Timbe
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Tembec Industries Inc
Date: 2001
Location: East Kootenay
Colvalli Range Inventory
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 2001
Location: East Kootenay
Plant Community Reponse Following Dry Forest Ecosystem Restoration Summary
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Trench Natural Resources Society
Date: 2000
Location: East Kootenay
Norbury Pasture Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring Program
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Trench Natural Resources Society
Date: 2000
Location: East Kootenay
Plant Community Reponse Following Dry Forest Ecosystem Restoration Interim Report
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Trench Natural Resources Society,
Date: 2000
Location: East Kootenay
Power Plant Range Unit Ecosystem Restoration Plan
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: Ministry of Forests & Range Staff
Sponsor: BC Ministry of Forests & Range
Date: c. 2000
Location: East Kootenay
Kikomun Creek Provincial Park Grassland/Open Forest Ecosystem Restoration Management Plan
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: BC Parks
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
Rampart/Mayook Range Unit Ecosystem Restoration Management Plan
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Grazing Enhancement Fund
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
CHERRY CREEK PROPERTY Vegetation Monitoring Report
Categories: Monitoring, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: The Nature Trust of British Columbia
Date: 2007
Location: East Kootenay
CHERRY CREEK PROPERTY Vegetation Monitoring Report
Categories: Monitoring, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: The Nature Trust of British Columbia
Date: 2006
Location: East Kootenay
Understorey responses to mechanical restoration and drought within montane forests of British Columb
Categories: Operations, Understory Vegetation
Author: Hillary N. Page, Edward W. Bork, Reg F. Newman
Sponsor:
Date: 2005
Location: East Kootenay
Native and non-native plant species in grazed grasslands of British Columbia's southern interior
Categories: Understory Vegetation, Monitoring
Author: Don Gayton
Sponsor: Forrex
Date: 2004
Location: Southern Interior British Columbia
The Grasslands of British Columbia
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: Brian Wikeem, Sandra Wikeem
Sponsor: Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbi
Date: 2004
Location: British Columbia
BC GRASSLANDS MAPPING PROJECT: A CONSERVATION RISK ASSESSMENT
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbi
Sponsor:
Date: 2004
Location: British Columbia
CHERRY CREEK PROPERTY Vegetation Monitoring Report
Categories: Monitoring, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: The Nature Trust of British Columbia
Date: 2002
Location: East Kootenay
The Effect of Physiography and Topography on Fire Regimes and Forest Communities
Categories: Fire Regimes, Planning
Author: RW Gray, B Andrew, BA Blackwell, A Needoba, F Steele
Sponsor: Habitat Conservation Trust Fund
Date: 2002
Location: British Columbia
NDT4 Ecosystem Restoration Plan for the Peavine Range Unit in the Cranbrook Forest District
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: Mark Hall
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 2002
Location: East Kootenay
NDT4 Ecoystem Restoration Plan for the Cranbrook Ft Steele Range Unit in the Cranbrook Forest Distri
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: Mark Hall
Sponsor: BC Ministry of Forests
Date: 2002
Location: East Kootenay
CHERRY CREEK WILDLIFE AREA Ecosystem Restoration Plan
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: AM Wager, TJ Ross
Sponsor: The Nature Trust of British Columbia
Date: 2001
Location: East Kootenay
WILDHORSE-LEWIS CREEK RANGE UNIT ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION PLAN
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 2001
Location: East Kootenay
NEWGATE RANGE INVENTORY AND ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION PLAN
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Columbia Basin Fish & Wildlife Compensation Progra
Date: 2000
Location: East Kootenay
GOLD CREEK/PLUMBOB RANGE UNIT ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION PLAN
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District, Columbia Basin Fish & Wildlife Compensation Program
Date: 2000
Location: East Kootenay
Tokay Hills Range Unit: NDT4 Management Unit Stratification
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: John Przeczek
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 2000
Location: East Kootenay
NDT4 Ecosystem Restoration Plan St. Mary’s Prairie Range Unit
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author: Lyn Konowalyk
Sponsor:
Date: 2000
Location: East Kootenay
PECKHAMS LAKE RANGE UNIT RECONNAISSANCE LEVEL RANGE SURVEY
Categories: Range Inventory, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: THE PECKHAMS LAKE RANGE PERMITTEES
Date: 2000
Location: East Kootenay
Brisco Stock Range
Categories: Maps, Range Inventory
Author: JE Milroy
Sponsor: Nelson Forest District
Date: 1958
Location: Columbia Valley
Windermere Stock Range Grazing Map 2
Categories: Maps, Range Inventory
Author: BC Ministry of Forests & Range
Sponsor:
Date: 1957
Location: East Kootenay
Windermere Stock Range Grazing Map
Categories: Maps, Range Inventory
Author: BC Ministry of Forests & Range
Sponsor:
Date: 1957
Location: East Kootenay
Upper Kootenay Stock Range Grazing Map
Categories: Maps, Range Inventory
Author: BC Ministry of Forests & Range
Sponsor:
Date: 1956
Location: East Kootenay
Cranbrook Stock Range Grazing Map St Mary
Categories: Maps, Range Inventory
Author: BC Ministry of Forests & Range
Sponsor:
Date: 1954
Location: East Kootenay
Ta Ta Creek Stock Range Map
Categories: Maps, Range Inventory
Author: BC Ministry of Forests & Range
Sponsor:
Date: 1954
Location: East Kootenay
Waldo Stock Range 1949-51
Categories: Maps, Range Inventory
Author: BC Ministry of Forests & Range
Sponsor:
Date: 1949
Location: East Kootenay
Waldo Stock Range
Categories: Maps, Range Inventory
Author: BC Ministry of Forests & Range
Sponsor:
Date: 1949
Location: East Kootenay
Observations on the Flora of the Southern Rocky Mountain Trench in British Columbia
Categories: Understory Vegetation, Monitoring Protocols
Author: JW Eastham
Sponsor: Royal Society of Canada
Date: 1949
Location: East Kootenay
Rare Grassland Plants
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Understory Vegetation
Author: Marie Fontaine, George Douglas
Sponsor: BC Ministry of Environment, Land and Parks
Date: 1999
Location: British Columbia
Peckham's Lake Range Unit Ecosystem Restoration Plan
Categories: Ecosystem Restoration, Planning
Author:
Sponsor: Cranbrook Forest District
Date: 1999
Location: East Kootenay
Plant Community Reponse Following Dry Forest Ecosystem Restoration
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross
Sponsor: Rocky Mountain Trench Natural Resources Society,
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
The Effect of Thinning and Burning on PPdh2 Understory Plant Cover
Categories: Monitoring Protocols, Ecosystem Restoration
Author: TJ Ross, GW Powell, C DeMaere
Sponsor: BC Ministry of Forests
Date: 1998
Location: East Kootenay
Knowing Grasses and Grasslike Plants in British Columbia
Categories: Understory Vegetation, Operations
Author: B Wikeem, S Wikeem
Sponsor: BC Ministry of Forests
Date: 1998
Location: British Columbia
RANGE ECOSYSTEM INVENTORY IN THE CHERRY-TATA CREEK RANGE UNIT
Categories: Range Inventory, Understory Vegetation
Author:
Sponsor: BC Ministry of Forests
Date: 1996
Location: East Kootenay
AN ASSESSMENT OF CARRYING CAPACITY IN THE DUTCH-FINDLAY RANGE UNIT
Categories: Range Inventory, Understory Vegetation
Author: RA Ellis, BD Irving, DA Westworth & Associates
Sponsor: Invermere Forest District
Date: 1996
Location: East Kootenay
A Review of Grassland Ecosystems in the Mica Wildlife Compensation Area
Categories: Monitoring, Understory Vegetation
Author: IA (Penny) Ohanjanian
Sponsor: BC Ministry of Environment, Land & Parks, Mica W
Date: 1993
Location: East Kootenay
Search Tips: The search field incorporates all standard search functions as you can use with Google. A few sample search tips are listed below:
1. Exact Word or Phrase: Putting a word or phrase in quotes (eg. "forest ingrowth") will search for that exact word or phrase.
2. Qualifying Search: Adding a plus or minus sign (eg. forest +ingrowth or forest -ingrowth) will qualify your search and either add or subtract that exact word from your search. Add or subtract multiple words like this: forest -ingrowth -underbrush.
3. Either Or: You can also use the word OR (in all caps) to give an alternate word for your search (eg. forest OR ingrowth).
Sample keywords: biodiversity, climate, conflict, dendrochronology, forage, forest cover, fuel management, grasslands, grazing, habitat, harvesting, history, natural disturbance, non-native plants, plant communities, species at risk, soils, stand management, thinning, treatments
Categories: airphotos, air quality, archaeology, badgers, bighorn sheep, birds, cattle, conferences, ecosystem restoration, elk, fire regimes, first nations, forest ingrowth, maps, monitoring, operations, photos, planning, prescribed fire, range inventory, strategy & progress, understory vegetation, wildfire, wildlife, wildlife trees